Hydroxychloroquine Macular Toxicity

Hydroxychloroquine is an immunomodulating drug that is commonly used in treating collagen vascular diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. It has the serious side effect that it can cause irreversible macular damage when used in toxic doses over enough time. For this reason, patients are examined at regular intervals by ophthalmologists to detect toxic dosing and early evidence of toxicity. Tests used are automated visual fields (10-2 program), multifocal electroretinography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and fundus autofluorescence photography.

PDF Documents:

• Plaquenil (Hydroxychloroquine) Retinopathy

Images:

• 10-2 Visual Field - III, red stimulus; Interpreting the Normal Field
• Artifactitious 10-2 Visual Field Scotomata From Fatigue in a Patient Taking Hydroxychloroquine
• Asymmetric Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) Retinal Toxicity
• Asymmetric Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) Toxicity Two Years Later
• Asymmetric Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy
• Atypical Bulls Eye Maculopathy in Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity
• Common Pittfalls Leading to Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy
• Comparison of Hydroxychloroquine Keratopathy and Amiodarone Keratopathy
• Difference Between III, Red Stimulus and III, White Stimulus Visual Fields
• Dry Macular Degeneration Masquerading as Hydroxychloroquine Maculopathy
• Example of Useless 10-2 Visual Field Testing in Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy Screening
• False Positive 10-2 Visual Field Testing with Normal mf ERG and SD-OCT
• Fluorescein Angiography in Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy
• Hydroxychloroquine Keratopathy - Example #1
• Hydroxychloroquine Keratopathy - Example #2
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy - Correlation of Fundus Photography and Fundus Autofluorescence Imaging
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy - False Positive Ancillary Testing
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy - Insensitivity of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Measurements as a Screening Test
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy - Misinterpretation of VIsual Fields, Part D
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy - Misinterpretation of VIsual Fields, Part F
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy - Misinterpretation of Visual Fields, Part A
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy - Misinterpretation of Visual Fields, Part B
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy - Misinterpretation of Visual Fields, Part C
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy - Misinterpretation of Visual Fields, Part E
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy - Premaculopathy, part A
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy - Premaculopathy, part B
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy - Premaculopathy, part C
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy - Premaculopathy, part D
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy - SD-OCT
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy Detected by SD-OCT but Not by mfERG, FAF, or 10-2 VF
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy Screening - Unreliable 10-2 Visual Field Test
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy Typically Begins Inferior to the Fovea
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy with Advanced Visual Field Changes but Minimal Fundus Changes
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy with Minimal Fluorescein Angiographic Changes
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy with Minimal Fundus Abnormalities
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy with Multifocal ERG Changes and Minimal Fundus Changes
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy with SD-OCT Changes and Minimal Fundus Changes
• Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy-Fundus Autofluorescence
• Hydroxychloroquine Therapy - Normal Multifocal Electroretinography Despite Toxic Dosing
• Hydroxychloroquine Therapy - Normal Visual Field Testing Despite Toxic Dosing
• Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity - Missed By Failure of Clinician to Recognize Field Changes
• Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity - Symmetry of Changes
• Ideal Body Weight for Calculating Hydroxychloroquine Dosage
• Minor Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity on a non-toxic dose
• Normal 10-2 Visual Fields Over Time
• Normal Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity Screening
• Normal Multifocal ERG and 10-2 Visual Fields in Patient Taking Hydroxychloroquine
• Progression of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy Despite Cessation of Medication
• Short Term Fluctuation in 10-2 Visual Field Testing for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy
• Time Domain OCT Map in Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity
• Time Domain OCT in Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) Toxicity